Multimodal brain cell atlas across the adult macaque lifespan.

A single-cell atlas of transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility covers 2,955,873 nuclei from eight brain regions of 23 female cynomolgus macaques across the adult lifespan, including exceptionally old individuals. Age-related changes were cell-subtype- and region-specific, affecting synaptic communication and axon myelination, and multicellular networks in the pons and medulla emerged as a previously unrecognized hotspot of primate brain aging. Integration with human datasets defines transcription factors and chromatin remodeling programs linked to longevity and neurodegeneration.